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SaaS Metrics

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for subscription businesses.

ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue)

Predictable revenue generated by subscription customers per year.

Formula
MRR * 12
The north star metric for SaaS valuations.

Churn Rate

The percentage of customers (or revenue) lost over a period.

Formula
Churned MRR (or Customers) / Starting MRR (or Customers)
High churn kills SaaS businesses. Net Negative Churn (Expansion) is the holy grail.

CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost)

Total sales & marketing spend / Number of new customers acquired.

Formula
Sales & Marketing Spend ÷ New Customers Won
Must be compared to LTV (Lifetime Value).

LTV:CAC Ratio

The relationship between the value of a customer and the cost to acquire them.

Formula
Customer Lifetime Value ÷ CAC
Target is > 3:1. If it's 1:1, you are losing money.

NRR (Net Revenue Retention)

How much recurring revenue you keep and expand from existing customers over a period.

Formula
(Starting ARR + Expansion - Contraction - Churn) / Starting ARR
Above 100% means the base grows without new sales; top SaaS teams target 110-130%+.

GRR (Gross Revenue Retention)

Retention before expansion, showing how much recurring revenue remains after churn and downgrades.

Formula
(Starting ARR - Churn - Contraction) / Starting ARR
Healthy SaaS typically sits at 90%+. Low GRR means expansion is masking core churn risk.

Startup Funding

Early stage mechanics and valuations.

Pre-Money Valuation

The value of the company immediately before investment.

Formula
PostMoney - NewInvestment
Dilution is calculated based on Pre-Money. Higher Pre-Money = Less Dilution for founders.

Post-Money Valuation

The value of the company immediately after the check clears.

Formula
PreMoney + InvestmentAmount
10% of $10M Post-Money means a $1M investment.

Runway

How many months the company can survive before running out of cash.

Formula
CashBalance / MonthlyBurnRate
Fundraising usually starts when 6-9 months of runway remain.

Burn Rate

The rate at which a company spends its cash pool in excess of income.

Formula
Net Burn = Monthly Cash Outflows - Monthly Cash Inflows
Gross Burn = Total Spend. Net Burn = Spend - Revenue.

Option Pool Shuffle

When investors force the employee option pool to be created from the pre-money valuation.

This effectively lowers the valuation and increases dilution for founders, while protecting new investors.

Funding Instruments

Convertible notes, SAFEs, and term sheet nuances.

Convertible Note

Debt that converts into equity at a later date (usually the next funding round).

Allows startups to raise money quickly without agreeing on a specific valuation immediately.

SAFE

Simple Agreement for Future Equity. A simpler, standard alternative to a Convertible Note (popularized by YC).

It is not debt (no interest, no maturity date). It just converts when you raise a priced round.

Valuation Cap

The maximum valuation at which your Convertible Note/SAFE will convert into equity.

Protects early investors. If the company explodes in value to $100M, early investors convert at the $10M Cap price, getting 10x more shares.

Discount Rate

A percentage discount (usually 20%) given to early investors on the next round's price.

Formula
Discounted Share Price = Next Round Price * (1 - Discount %)
Used if the valuation is lower than the Cap.

Deal Terms (Term Sheet)

The complex clauses that govern VC contracts.

Liquidation Preference

A clause ensuring investors get paid back first if the company is sold.

'1x Non-Participating' is standard. '2x Participating' is aggressive/predatory.

Vesting

Earning equity over time (usually 4 years).

Standard is '4 Year Vesting with 1 Year Cliff'. If you leave before 1 year, you get 0.

Drag-Along Rights

Rights allowing majority shareholders to force minority shareholders to agree to a sale of the company.

Prevents a small angel investor from blocking an acquisition.

Tag-Along Rights

Rights protecting minority shareholders, ensuring they can sell their shares on the same terms as the majority.

If the founder sells their shares, you get to sell yours too.

Anti-Dilution

Protection for investors if the company raises money in a Down Round.

The investor gets issued extra free shares to maintain their value.

Private Equity (PE)

Buyouts, leverage, and fund mechanics.

LBO (Leveraged Buyout)

Acquiring a company using a significant amount of borrowed money (bonds or loans).

The company's own assets are used as collateral for the loans.

Multiple Arbitrage

Buying a company at a low multiple (e.g. 5x) and selling it at a high multiple (e.g. 10x).

Can happen via 'Buy & Build' (making the company larger/safer) or market timing.

Value Creation Bridge

Analysis showing the drivers of PE return: EBITDA Growth vs Multiple Expansion vs Deleveraging.

LPs prefer returns driven by EBITDA growth (Operational improvement).

Platform Company

The initial large company a PE firm buys, intending to acquire smaller 'add-ons' to merge into it.

Add-ons are usually bought at lower multiples, creating instant value.

Dry Powder

Committed capital that a PE or VC firm has available to invest but hasn't deployed yet.

High dry powder usually leads to higher asset prices as funds compete for deals.

Carried Interest (Carry)

The share of profits that the investment manager receives (usually 20%).

Taxed as capital gains in many jurisdictions, which is controversial.

MOIC

Multiple on Invested Capital. Total Cash Returned / Total Cash Invested.

Formula
Total Cash Returned ÷ Total Cash Invested
Unlike IRR, MOIC ignores time. 2x in 1 year is the same MOIC as 2x in 10 years.

Management Fee

The annual fee (typically 2%) charged by fund managers on committed capital.

Pays for salaries and operations. Charged even if the fund loses money.

Hurdle Rate

The minimum return LPs must receive before GPs earn carried interest.

Typically 8%. Aligns GP incentives with delivering real returns.

J-Curve

The pattern of PE fund returns: negative early (fees, investments) then positive later (exits).

Returns often look terrible in years 1-3, then improve dramatically in years 4-10.

Growth Metrics

Measuring startup health and efficiency.

Rule of 40

A benchmark where Growth Rate + Profit Margin should exceed 40%.

Formula
Revenue Growth % + EBITDA Margin % ≥ 40%
Balances growth vs profitability. A 50% growth company can lose 10% and still pass.

Magic Number

Measures sales efficiency: how much ARR is generated per dollar of S&M spend.

Formula
(Current QTR ARR - Prior QTR ARR) × 4 / Prior QTR S&M Spend
Above 0.75 is efficient. Below 0.5 means sales spend isn't working.

CAC Payback Period

How many months it takes to recover the cost of acquiring a customer.

Formula
CAC / (Monthly Revenue × Gross Margin)
Under 12 months is good. Over 24 months is concerning.

Burn Multiple

How much cash is burned to generate each dollar of new ARR.

Formula
Net Burn / Net New ARR
Below 1x is excellent. Above 2x means inefficient growth.

Hype Ratio

Valuation divided by ARR, measuring how much investors pay per dollar of revenue.

Formula
Valuation / ARR
10x ARR is reasonable for SaaS. 50x+ indicates extreme growth expectations.

Quick Ratio (SaaS)

Measures revenue growth quality by comparing additions to losses.

Formula
(New MRR + Expansion MRR) / (Churned MRR + Contraction MRR)
Above 4x is healthy. Shows if growth is sustainable or masking churn.

Funding Rounds

The stages of startup financing.

Pre-Seed

The earliest funding stage, often from founders, friends, family, or angels.

Typically $50K-$500K. Product is usually just an idea or prototype.

Seed Round

First institutional funding to build the product and find product-market fit.

Typically $500K-$3M. Investors bet on the team and vision.

Series A

Funding to scale a business model that's showing early traction.

Typically $5M-$20M. Requires proof of product-market fit and repeatable sales.

Series B+

Growth capital to scale a proven business model aggressively.

Series B: $20-50M, Series C: $50-100M+. Focus shifts to market expansion.

Bridge Round

Short-term financing between major rounds, often using convertible notes.

Can signal trouble (couldn't raise full round) or opportunity (quick capital needed).

Down Round

A funding round at a lower valuation than the previous round.

Triggers anti-dilution provisions. Signals the company struggled or overpromised.

Inside Round

A round led by existing investors with no new outside investors.

Can be supportive (insiders believe) or concerning (no outside interest).

Investor Rights

Protections and privileges for shareholders.

Pro-Rata Rights

The right to invest in future rounds to maintain your ownership percentage.

Valuable if the company is hot. Prevents dilution for committed investors.

Information Rights

The right to receive regular financial updates from the company.

Usually quarterly financials. Larger investors may get board observer seats.

ROFR (Right of First Refusal)

The right to match any offer if a shareholder wants to sell their shares.

Gives company/investors control over who joins the cap table.

Protective Provisions

Veto rights over major company decisions (sale, new funding, etc.).

Prevents founders from making major changes without investor approval.

Board Seat

A position on the company's board of directors with voting rights.

Lead investors typically get board seats. Gives direct influence over strategy.

Redemption Rights

The right to force the company to buy back shares after a certain period.

Rarely exercised but provides a floor if the company never exits.

Exit & Liquidity

How investors get their money back.

IPO (Initial Public Offering)

The first sale of stock to the public, listing on a stock exchange.

The dream exit. Provides liquidity and prestige but brings regulatory burden.

M&A (Merger & Acquisition)

Sale of the company to another company, either for cash, stock, or both.

Most common exit path. Strategic buyers often pay premiums for synergies.

Secondary Sale

Selling shares to another private investor before an IPO or acquisition.

Provides early liquidity for founders/employees. Creates price discovery.

Acqui-hire

Acquisition primarily to hire the team, not for the product or revenue.

Often a soft landing for failed startups. Returns are usually minimal.

Liquidation

Shutting down the company and distributing remaining assets to creditors and shareholders.

The worst outcome. Liquidation preference determines who gets paid first.

Direct Listing

Going public without raising new capital, allowing existing shares to trade.

No underwriters, no lockup. Used by Spotify, Slack, Coinbase.

SPAC

Special Purpose Acquisition Company: a shell company that raises money to acquire a private company.

A faster path to public markets. Popularity surged in 2020-21 then crashed.