SaaS Metrics
Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for subscription businesses.
ARR (Annual Recurring Revenue)
Predictable revenue generated by subscription customers per year.
MRR * 12Churn Rate
The percentage of customers (or revenue) lost over a period.
Churned MRR (or Customers) / Starting MRR (or Customers)CAC (Customer Acquisition Cost)
Total sales & marketing spend / Number of new customers acquired.
Sales & Marketing Spend ÷ New Customers WonLTV:CAC Ratio
The relationship between the value of a customer and the cost to acquire them.
Customer Lifetime Value ÷ CACNRR (Net Revenue Retention)
How much recurring revenue you keep and expand from existing customers over a period.
(Starting ARR + Expansion - Contraction - Churn) / Starting ARRGRR (Gross Revenue Retention)
Retention before expansion, showing how much recurring revenue remains after churn and downgrades.
(Starting ARR - Churn - Contraction) / Starting ARRStartup Funding
Early stage mechanics and valuations.
Pre-Money Valuation
The value of the company immediately before investment.
PostMoney - NewInvestmentPost-Money Valuation
The value of the company immediately after the check clears.
PreMoney + InvestmentAmountRunway
How many months the company can survive before running out of cash.
CashBalance / MonthlyBurnRateBurn Rate
The rate at which a company spends its cash pool in excess of income.
Net Burn = Monthly Cash Outflows - Monthly Cash InflowsOption Pool Shuffle
When investors force the employee option pool to be created from the pre-money valuation.
Funding Instruments
Convertible notes, SAFEs, and term sheet nuances.
Convertible Note
Debt that converts into equity at a later date (usually the next funding round).
SAFE
Simple Agreement for Future Equity. A simpler, standard alternative to a Convertible Note (popularized by YC).
Valuation Cap
The maximum valuation at which your Convertible Note/SAFE will convert into equity.
Discount Rate
A percentage discount (usually 20%) given to early investors on the next round's price.
Discounted Share Price = Next Round Price * (1 - Discount %)Deal Terms (Term Sheet)
The complex clauses that govern VC contracts.
Liquidation Preference
A clause ensuring investors get paid back first if the company is sold.
Vesting
Earning equity over time (usually 4 years).
Drag-Along Rights
Rights allowing majority shareholders to force minority shareholders to agree to a sale of the company.
Tag-Along Rights
Rights protecting minority shareholders, ensuring they can sell their shares on the same terms as the majority.
Anti-Dilution
Protection for investors if the company raises money in a Down Round.
Private Equity (PE)
Buyouts, leverage, and fund mechanics.
LBO (Leveraged Buyout)
Acquiring a company using a significant amount of borrowed money (bonds or loans).
Multiple Arbitrage
Buying a company at a low multiple (e.g. 5x) and selling it at a high multiple (e.g. 10x).
Value Creation Bridge
Analysis showing the drivers of PE return: EBITDA Growth vs Multiple Expansion vs Deleveraging.
Platform Company
The initial large company a PE firm buys, intending to acquire smaller 'add-ons' to merge into it.
Dry Powder
Committed capital that a PE or VC firm has available to invest but hasn't deployed yet.
Carried Interest (Carry)
The share of profits that the investment manager receives (usually 20%).
MOIC
Multiple on Invested Capital. Total Cash Returned / Total Cash Invested.
Total Cash Returned ÷ Total Cash InvestedManagement Fee
The annual fee (typically 2%) charged by fund managers on committed capital.
Hurdle Rate
The minimum return LPs must receive before GPs earn carried interest.
J-Curve
The pattern of PE fund returns: negative early (fees, investments) then positive later (exits).
Growth Metrics
Measuring startup health and efficiency.
Rule of 40
A benchmark where Growth Rate + Profit Margin should exceed 40%.
Revenue Growth % + EBITDA Margin % ≥ 40%Magic Number
Measures sales efficiency: how much ARR is generated per dollar of S&M spend.
(Current QTR ARR - Prior QTR ARR) × 4 / Prior QTR S&M SpendCAC Payback Period
How many months it takes to recover the cost of acquiring a customer.
CAC / (Monthly Revenue × Gross Margin)Burn Multiple
How much cash is burned to generate each dollar of new ARR.
Net Burn / Net New ARRHype Ratio
Valuation divided by ARR, measuring how much investors pay per dollar of revenue.
Valuation / ARRQuick Ratio (SaaS)
Measures revenue growth quality by comparing additions to losses.
(New MRR + Expansion MRR) / (Churned MRR + Contraction MRR)Funding Rounds
The stages of startup financing.
Pre-Seed
The earliest funding stage, often from founders, friends, family, or angels.
Seed Round
First institutional funding to build the product and find product-market fit.
Series A
Funding to scale a business model that's showing early traction.
Series B+
Growth capital to scale a proven business model aggressively.
Bridge Round
Short-term financing between major rounds, often using convertible notes.
Down Round
A funding round at a lower valuation than the previous round.
Inside Round
A round led by existing investors with no new outside investors.
Investor Rights
Protections and privileges for shareholders.
Pro-Rata Rights
The right to invest in future rounds to maintain your ownership percentage.
Information Rights
The right to receive regular financial updates from the company.
ROFR (Right of First Refusal)
The right to match any offer if a shareholder wants to sell their shares.
Protective Provisions
Veto rights over major company decisions (sale, new funding, etc.).
Board Seat
A position on the company's board of directors with voting rights.
Redemption Rights
The right to force the company to buy back shares after a certain period.
Exit & Liquidity
How investors get their money back.
IPO (Initial Public Offering)
The first sale of stock to the public, listing on a stock exchange.
M&A (Merger & Acquisition)
Sale of the company to another company, either for cash, stock, or both.
Secondary Sale
Selling shares to another private investor before an IPO or acquisition.
Acqui-hire
Acquisition primarily to hire the team, not for the product or revenue.
Liquidation
Shutting down the company and distributing remaining assets to creditors and shareholders.
Direct Listing
Going public without raising new capital, allowing existing shares to trade.
SPAC
Special Purpose Acquisition Company: a shell company that raises money to acquire a private company.